Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much More—Types, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes

simulation and experimental studies for prediction mineral scale formation in oil field during mixing of injection and formation water

abstract: mineral scaling in oil and gas production equipment is one of the most important problem that occurs while water injection and it has been recognized to be a major operational problem. the incompatibility between injected and formation waters may result in inorganic scale precipitation in the equipment and reservoir and then reduction of oil production rate and water injection rate. ...

Skin Pigments with Technological Potential

Structural Features and Biological Functions in Blue Copper Proteins

A new idea that elucidates the electron carrier ability of plastocyanin (and o f azurin) is proposed. It emphasizes the fact that two lobes of the d-orbital. where one unpaired electron of copper (II) ion lies, are not screened by the ligand atoms, which would facilitate the electron transfer between the d-orbital and the redox partners (cytochrom e/ and P-700 in the case of plastocyanin). Seve...

5-methylcytosine in RNA: detection, enzymatic formation and biological functions

The nucleobase modification 5-methylcytosine (m(5)C) is widespread both in DNA and different cellular RNAs. The functions and enzymatic mechanisms of DNA m(5)C-methylation were extensively studied during the last decades. However, the location, the mechanism of formation and the cellular function(s) of the same modified nucleobase in RNA still remain to be elucidated. The recent development of ...

Routes to chaos, universality and glass formation

We review recent results obtained for the dynamics of incipient chaos. These results suggest a common picture underlying the three universal routes to chaos displayed by the prototypical logistic and circle maps. Namely, the period doubling, intermittency, and quasiperiodicity routes. In these situations the dynamical behavior is exactly describable through infinite families of Tsallis’ q-expon...